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Hotspot
Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
Hotspot (Wi-Fi) adalah salah satu bentuk pemanfaatan teknologi Wireless LAN pada lokasi-lokasi publik seperti taman, perpustakaan, restoran ataupun bandara. Pertama kali digagas tahun 1993 oleh Brett Steward. Dengan pemanfaatan teknologi ini, individu dapat mengakses jaringan seperti internet melalui komputer atau laptop yang mereka miliki di lokasi-lokasi dimana hotspot disediakan.
Pada umumnya, hotspot menggunakan standarisasi WLAN IEEE 802.11b atau IEEE 802.11g. Teknologi WLAN ini mampu memberikan kecepatan akses yang tinggi hingga 11 Mbps (IEEE 802.11 b) dan 54 Mbps (IEEE 802.11 g) dalam jarak hingga 100 meter.
WiFi
Hotspot (Wi-Fi)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A hotspot is a venue that offers Wi-Fi access to the Internet. The public can use a laptop, WiFi phone, or other suitable portable device to access the wireless connection provided. Of the estimated 150 million laptops, 14 million PDAs, and other emerging Wi-Fi devices sold per year for the last few years, most include the Wi-Fi feature.
A diagram showing a Wi-Fi network
For venues that have broadband Internet access, offering wireless access is as simple as purchasing one AP and connecting the AP to the Internet connection.
Hotspots are often found at restaurants, train stations, airports, military bases, libraries, hotels, hospitals, coffee shops, bookstores, fuel stations, department stores, supermarkets, RV parks and campgrounds and other public places. Many universities and schools have wireless networks in their campus.
[edit] History
Wi-Fi hotspots were first proposed by Brett Stewart at the NetWorld+Interop conference in The Moscone Center in San Francisco in August 1993. Stewart did not use the term ‘hotspot’ but referred to publicly accessible wireless LANs. Stewart went on to found the companies PLANCOM in 1994 (for Public LAN Communications, which became MobileStar and then the HotSpot unit of T-Mobile USA) and Wayport in 1996.
The term ‘HotSpot’ may have first been advanced by Nokia about five years after Stewart first proposed the concept.
During the dot-com boom and subsequent burst in 2000, dozens of companies had the notion that Wi-Fi could become the payphone for broadband. The original notion was that users would pay for broadband access at hotspots. Although some companies like T-mobile, and Boingo have had some success with charging for access, over 90% of the over 300,000 hotspots offer free service to entice customers to their venue.[citation needed]
Both paid and free hotspots continue to grow. Wireless networks that cover entire cities, such as municipal broadband have mushroomed. MuniWireless reports that over 300 metropolitan projects have been started. WiFi hotspots can be found in remote RV / Campground Parks across the US[1].
Many business models have emerged for hotspots. The final structure of the hotspot marketplace will ultimately have to consider the intellectual property rights of the early movers; portfolios of more than 1,000 allowed and pending patent claims are held by some of these parties.
[edit] Commercial hotspots
A commercial hotspot may feature:
Many services provide payment services to hotspot providers, for a monthly fee or commission from the end-user income. ZoneCD is a Linux distribution that provides payment services for hotspots who wish to deploy their own service.
Major airports and business hotels are more likely to charge for service. Most hotels provide free service to guests; and increasingly small airports and airline lounges offer free service.
FON is a European company that allows users to share their wireless broadband and sells excess bandwidth to outside users (Aliens). Since this may breach users terms of service, FON has agreements with many broadband providers / ISPs.
One of the companies is TravelNetCon – an international high-speed Internet HotSpot mediator.
[edit] Billing
The so called “User-Fairness-Model [2]” allows a volume-based billing, with only the payload (data, video, audio) will be charged. Moreover, the tariff is classified by net traffic and user needs (Pommer, p.116ff).
If the net traffic increases, then the user has to pay the next higher tariff class. By the way the user is asked for if he still wishes the session also by a higher traffic class. Moreover, in time-critical applications (video, audio) a higher class fare is charged, than for non time-critical applications (such as reading Web pages, e-mail).
Tariff classes of the User-Fairness-Model
The “User-fairness model” can be implemented with the help of EDCF (IEEE 802.11e). A EDCF user priority list shares the traffic in 3 access categories (data, video, audio) and user priorities (UP) (Pommer, p.117):
- Data [UP 0|2]
- Video [UP 5|4]
- Audio [UP 7|6]
If the net traffic increases, then the frames of the particular access category (AC) are assigned a low priority value (e.g. video UP 5 to UP 4). This is also, if the data transfer is not time-critical.
[edit] Free Wi-Fi hotspots
Free hotspots operate in two ways:
- Using an open public network is the easiest way to create a free HotSpot. All that is needed is a Wi-Fi router. However, the disadvantage is that access to the router cannot be controlled.
- Closed public networks use a HotSpot Management System to control the HotSpot. This software runs on the router itself or uses an external computer for it. With the help of this software, operators can authorize only specific users to be able to access the Internet, and they often associate the free access to a menu or to a purchase limit.
[edit] Security concerns
Most hotspots are unsecured. User data is shared as clear text as all users access the internet via the hotspot.
Some hotspots authenticate users. This does not secure the data transmission or prevent packet sniffers from allowing people to see traffic on the network.
Some venues offer VPN as an option, sometimes for an additional fee. This solution is expensive to scale.
Others such as T-mobile provide a download option that deploys WPA support specific to T-mobile. This conflicts with enterprise configurations at Cisco, IBM, HP, Google, and other large enterprises who have solutions specific to their internal WLAN.
A “poisoned/rogue hotspot” refers to a free public hotspot set up by identity thieves or other malicious individuals for the purpose of “sniffing” the data sent by the user. [3] This abuse can be avoided by the use of VPN.
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